viernes, 24 de agosto de 2018

El lenguaje es política

Ridiculizar el lenguaje no sexista es una forma grotesca de defender una posición de poder
Hablar de lenguaje no sexista levanta ampollas que nada tienen que ver con las palabras, la gramática o la lingüística y mucho con el poder y la política. El lenguaje es ideología, representa una sociedad y una cultura y, por supuesto, representa un poder. Renunciar al lenguaje sexista es renunciar a continuar ejerciendo el poder. Y ahí es donde encontramos la resistencia numantina de quien custodia el sistema patriarcal. No defiende el lenguaje. Está defendiendo una ideología y estamos hablando de política por mucho que nos quieran hacer ver otra cosa. Hablemos claro, el corporativismo masculino está defendiendo la mirada androcéntrica, patriarcal y machista que los sitúa, a ellos —porque mayoritariamente son hombres— en el centro del poder.
La lengua, y con ella el lenguaje, evoluciona de acuerdo a las necesidades de cada época. Tiene la capacidad de reflejar la realidad y también de ayudar a construirla. Por ello mismo, necesita adaptarse a los cambios y si no lo hiciera seríamos incapaces de comunicarnos. Aún estaríamos hablando de abarrir en vez de destruir; de dolioso en vez de dolorido o de hisopo en vez de húmedo, o de darve, citerior, gumía o zacatín, por poner unos ejemplos. ¿Quién nos entendería? Nadie, o quizás sólo las personas que ocupan los sillones de la Real Academia Española. Parece que hay paladines de la lengua que no quieren admitir la capacidad de renovación, evolución y adaptación que lleva implícita cualquier lengua. Peor aún, defienden la inmovilidad como un valor en positivo en vez de una debilidad manifiesta y contraria a la esencia de toda lengua.
Ya somos muchas las que no nos sentimos incluidas en el masculino gramatical
Y en esta defensa nos encontramos periódicamente con campañas agresivas y absurdas que usan falacias y ataques furibundos para ridiculizar los argumentos de quienes defendemos el lenguaje no sexista. Nos dicen que el genérico masculino, en tanto que género no marcado, es inclusivo del femenino. Pues les decimos que no, que no lo incluye ni lo pretende. El masculino a veces es específico y a veces genérico. Requiere de un esfuerzo para entender cuando incluye a unos y otras o solo a unos, e incluso sólo a unas. Ya somos muchas las mujeres —y algunos hombres— que no nos sentimos incluidas —así, con a— en este masculino gramatical. Entendemos que este masculino es, sencillamente, un instrumento para invisibilizar, silenciar y menospreciar a las mujeres y así perpetuar un patriarcado que no nos quiere con voz, ni en el espacio público, ni en la toma de decisiones. Esta es la verdadera intención que subyace en el mal llamado masculino genérico.
Y si vamos de las falacias argumentativas a los ejemplos concretos, la situación llega al ridículo cuando se satirizan las formas dobles. Volvemos a repetirlo, no estamos a favor del uso indiscriminado de las formas dobles; ni tampoco queremos hablar de cebros y cebras; de jirafas y jirafos o de señoro y periodisto, ni estamos en contra de la economía del lenguaje, a la que defendemos con ahínco desde el periodismo. Pero sabemos que el lenguaje tiene múltiples recursos para expresar la realidad sin necesidad de señalar el sexo o de recurrir a las formas dobles, que dicho de pasada, se hacen servir con más frecuencia de lo que parece y nadie se sorprende cuando se dice "señoras y señores". Podemos utilizar genéricos, nombres abstractos y epicenos; substituir el nombre por un pronombre; utilizar determinantes sin marca de género; elidir el sujeto; eliminar el artículo… y así hasta una infinidad de mecanismos que determinados lingüistas y académicos —con o— parecen ignorar.
Esto, señores, es lo que hacemos, y ridiculizar la propuesta feminista de lenguaje no sexista es una forma perversa y grotesca de defender una posición que, se diría, no tiene argumentos. Ustedes lo saben bien. No estamos hablando de lenguaje, hablamos de ideología y de política. Porque a través de la lengua nos construimos, nos socializamos e interpretamos el mundo. Si las mujeres no aparecemos ¿dónde estamos? Ocultas, silenciadas, en casa. Como nos quiere el patriarcado. Así que, señores, no es que confundamos la gramática con el machismo, es que el uso académico de la lengua, que no ella, es machista, y en consecuencia el lenguaje, entendido como la capacidad humana que conforma el pensamiento, perpetúa este machismo. Y, sí, el lenguaje no sexista es un arma ideológica y política capaz de reflejar otra realidad y contribuir a la destrucción del poder patriarcal. Y claro, esto duele. Lo sabemos.
Isabel Muntané es periodista y codirectora del máster Género y Comunicación (UAB).

Scientists doubt alleged “sonic attacks”

August 23, 2018
WASHINGTON, DC – Since late 2016 until recently, staff of the U.S. embassy in Havana (including some who were reportedly part of the local CIA station / https://www.thenation.com/article/what-the-us-government-is-not-telling-you-about-those-sonic-attacks-in-cuba/) began to complain of a broad range of symptoms, including headaches, hearing loss, vertigo, insomnia, weakness, fatigue, memory problems, loss of concentration and others. They associated these symptoms to noises of uncertain description and origin, which were dubbed by the U.S. government as "sonic attacks," a name that was enthusiastically adopted by the media. A few Canadian diplomats and some routine travelers to Cuba have also since been reported to have experienced similar symptoms.  
Without any proof, the Trump administration alleged that Cuba was behind the "attacks," although, in the face of growing evidence against such a theory, it has since traded the "attack" term for the accusation that Cuba has "failed to protect" U.S. diplomatic personnel. The Cuban government has vehemently denied it; and it is hard to imagine that Cuba would take such foolish steps to endanger the fragile gains of the change in Cuba policy under the Obama administration. In any event, the matter rapidly escalated to a confrontation between the two countries.  
The U.S. unilaterally withdrew much of its personnel from the embassy in Havana, expelled most Cubans form their embassy in Washington, and later issued a travel alert warning of the "dangers" of travel to Cuba. These measures, along with other restrictions imposed by the Trump administration, have seriously damaged the modest improvement in relations implemented by the Obama administration, especially but not only the routine consular activities necessary for travel between the two countries.
The cause of these reported health complaints remained a mystery, at least apparently until the administration commissioned a study of the affected individuals by a group of experts based at the University of Pennsylvania (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2673168). Their high-profile study, published in March of this year in the prestigious Journal of the American Medical Association, alleged that the symptoms were neurological problems akin to mild concussions, without evidence of impacts or other brain injury, even postulating a possible new syndrome that required further research. They did not put forward an explanation for the cause or the mechanism of the reported health effects, and the report was accompanied by a commentary and an editorial that highlighted numerous shortcomings of its underlying science.
Most importantly, however, the study discounted the possibility that the health complaints could be explained as a mass psychogenic episode (an episode of psychological origin). These are events that occur when a group of closely related individuals under stress—as was the case of the U.S. embassy personnel—manifest a group of apparently unrelated symptoms of unknown cause, including those reported from Havana.  
The term "mass hysteria" has also been commonly used to describe this phenomenon, but it is emotionally-charged and very misleading: it suggests that the individuals involved are "crazy" or are faking the symptoms. That is not the case. In true psychogenic episodes the symptoms experienced by the individuals are real, and they come about because of as yet poorly understood relationships between the brain and other body systems. It can happen to any of us.  
But the story hardly ends there. As early as January of this year, Robert E. Bartholomew, PhD, an expert on psychogenic illnesses, forcefully challenged the congressional testimony of the State Department's medical director, who rejected a psychological cause. Bartholomew, who described reading the testimony "in stunned disbelief," elegantly described how the incident fit perfectly the characteristics of a mass psychogenic episode (https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/its-catching/201801/sonic-attack-not-mass-hysteria-says-top-doc-hes-wrong). "If these same symptoms were reported among a group of factory workers….you would get a very different diagnosis, and there would be no consideration to a sonic weapon hypothesis." Indeed, I have been witness to more than one such episode in industrial environments in my long career evaluating workplace health hazards.
And there is more.  
In a letter to the Guardian in June of 2018, a group of 15 experts from the U.S., UK, Germany and Cuba wrote—in reference to the Pennsylvania study—that the "work is deeply flawed, and does nothing to support the attack theory." (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/01/cuba-sonic-attack-conspiracy-theories-and-flawed-science).  
Two other experts, in yet another article (https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-31/july-2018/neuropsychological-impairments-everybody-has) which was later published as a letter in the Journal of Neurology—showed that the method of analysis of the Pennsylvania study sponsored by the State Department used a "pseudo-scientific approach." They concluded that "it is hard to understand how claims like this….could pass any meaningful peer-review process." A critique as harsh as this is seldom seen in such a serious scientific journal.  
And last but not least, ten scientists recently published four scathingly critical letters in the very Journal of the American Medical Association in which the results of the Pennsylvania study originally appeared (https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/emilytamkin/jama-letters-criticism-sonic-attacks-study-pennsylvania). The scientists include those mentioned above, plus others from several countries and prestigious academic institutions. They point in their letters to the multiple scientific flaws of both the methods and conclusions of the Pennsylvania study, which are far too numerous to try to summarize here.
So where does this "mystery" stand today? For one, it seems certain that the Pennsylvania study was deeply flawed, and that psychogenic factors—if not the sole cause of the episode–certainly played an important part. But perhaps the best statement of where things stand can be found in the words of the group of fifteen scientists mentioned above, who also wrote that "we hope that sober and calmer heads will prevail in de-escalating this frenzy, avoiding a chill in both diplomatic relations and scientific collaboration between the U.S. and Cuba." (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/01/cuba-sonic-attack-conspiracy-theories-and-flawed-science).  
Manuel  R. Gómez, DrPH, MS, CIH has an undergraduate degree from Harvard in Biochemistry, a master's in Environmental Health from Hunter College, and a doctorate in Public Health from Johns Hopkins.  He has been an expert in occupational and environmental health for more than three decades, evaluating chemical and physical hazards on workplace environments.

Los científicos dudan de los supuestos “ataques sónicos”

Agosto 22, 2018
WASHINGTON, DC – Desde fines de 2016 hasta hace poco, el personal de la embajada de Estados Unidos en La Habana (incluidos algunos que, según informes, formaban parte de la estación local de la CIA) comenzó a quejarse de una amplia gama de síntomas, incluyendo dolores de cabeza, pérdida de audición, vértigo, insomnio, debilidad, fatiga, problemas de memoria, pérdida de concentración y otros. Estos ruidos fueron asociados a  ruidos de descripción y origen inciertos que el gobierno de Estados Unidos denominó "ataques sónicos", un nombre adoptado con entusiasmo por los medios de comunicación. También se ha informado que algunos diplomáticos canadienses y algunos viajeros casuales a Cuba han experimentado síntomas similares.
Sin ninguna prueba, la administración Trump alegó que Cuba estaba detrás de los "ataques", aunque, a pesar de la creciente evidencia contra tal teoría, desde entonces ha cambiado el término "ataque" por la acusación de que Cuba "no protegió" al personal diplomático de  Estados Unidos El gobierno cubano lo ha negado con vehemencia; y es difícil imaginar que Cuba tomaría medidas tan tontas para poner en peligro los frágiles logros del cambio en la política hacia Cuba bajo la administración Obama. En cualquier caso, el asunto rápidamente escaló hasta un enfrentamiento entre los dos países.
Estados Unidos retiró unilateralmente a gran parte de su personal de la embajada en La Habana, expulsó a la mayoría de los cubanos de su embajada en Washington y luego emitió una alerta de viaje advirtiendo de los "peligros" de viajar a Cuba. Estas medidas, junto con otras restricciones impuestas por la administración Trump, han dañado seriamente la modesta mejora en las relaciones implementadas por la administración Obama, en especial, pero no solo, las actividades consulares rutinarias necesarias para viajar entre los dos países.
La causa de estas denuncias de problemas de salud siguió siendo un misterio, al menos aparentemente, hasta que la administración encargó a un grupo de expertos con sede en la Universidad de Pensilvania un estudio de las personas afectadas.
Ese estudio de alto perfil, publicado en marzo de este año en el prestigioso Journal of the American Medical Association, alegó que los síntomas eran problemas neurológicos similares a conmociones cerebrales leves, sin evidencia de impactos u otra lesión cerebral, incluso postulando un posible nuevo síndrome que requeriría de mayor investigación. No presentaron una explicación de la causa o el mecanismo de los efectos informados sobre la salud.  El informe fue acompañado por un comentario y un editorial que puso de relieve las numerosas deficiencias de la ciencia subyacente.
Sin embargo, lo más importante es que el estudio descartó la posibilidad de que las quejas acerca de la salud se pudieran explicar como un episodio psicogénico de masa (un episodio de origen psicológico). Estos son eventos que ocurren cuando un grupo de personas estrechamente relacionadas bajo estrés —como fue el caso del personal de la embajada de Estados Unidos— manifiesta un grupo de síntomas aparentemente no relacionados y de causa desconocida, incluidos los reportados desde La Habana.

El término "histeria colectiva" también se ha usado comúnmente para describir este fenómeno, pero tiene una carga emocional y es muy engañoso: sugiere que los individuos involucrados están "locos" o que están fingiendo los síntomas. Ese no es el caso. En los episodios psicógenos verdaderos, los síntomas experimentados por los individuos son reales y se producen debido a las relaciones todavía poco conocidas entre el cerebro y otros sistemas del cuerpo. Puede sucederle a cualquiera.
Pero la historia difícilmente termina ahí. Ya en enero de este año, el doctor Robert E. Bartholomew, un experto en enfermedades psicogénicas, desafió enérgicamente el testimonio ante el Congreso del director médico del Departamento de Estado, quien rechazó una causa psicológica. Bartholomew, quien describió haber leído el testimonio "con asombro e incredulidad", describió con elegancia cómo el incidente se ajustaba a la perfección a las características de un episodio psicogénico masivo.
"Si estos mismos síntomas hubieran sido reportados entre un grupo de obreros fabriles… se obtendría un diagnóstico muy diferente, y no se consideraría la hipótesis de un arma sónica". Es más, he sido testigo de más de un episodio de este tipo en entornos industriales en mi larga carrera evaluando los riesgos para la salud en el lugar de trabajo.
Y hay más.
En una carta a The Guardian en junio de 2018, un grupo de 15 expertos de Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Alemania y Cuba escribieron —en referencia al estudio de Pensilvania— que "el trabajo es profundamente defectuoso y no hace nada para apoyar la teoría del ataque".
Otros dos expertos, en un artículo adicional que se publicó más tarde como una carta en el Journal of Neurology, demostraron que el método de análisis del estudio de Pennsylvania patrocinado por el Departamento de Estado utilizó un "enfoque pseudocientífico". Llegaron a la conclusión de que "es difícil entender que reclamos como este… podría pasar cualquier significativo proceso de revisión por otros expertos". Una crítica tan dura como esta rara vez se ve en una publicación científica tan seria.
Y por último, pero no menos importante, recientemente diez científicos publicaron cuatro cartas mordaces y críticas en el propio Journal of the American Medical Association en el que aparecieron originalmente los resultados del estudio de Pensilvania. Los científicos incluyen a los mencionados anteriormente, más otros de varios países e instituciones académicas de prestigio. Señalan en sus cartas los múltiples defectos científicos de los métodos y las conclusiones del estudio de Pensilvania, que son demasiado numerosos como para tratar de resumirlos aquí.
Entonces, ¿en qué plano se encuentra hoy este "misterio"? Por un lado, parece cierto que el estudio de Pensilvania fue profundamente defectuoso, y que los factores psicogénicos, si no fueron la única causa del episodio, ciertamente desempeñaron un papel importante. Pero quizás la mejor declaración de dónde están las cosas se pueda encontrar en las palabras del grupo de 15 científicos mencionados anteriormente, que también escribieron: "esperamos que mentes sobrias y más calmadas prevalezcan en el desescalamiento de este frenesí, y que eviten un congelamiento tanto en las relaciones diplomáticas como en la colaboración científica entre Estados Unidos y Cuba".
Manuel R. Gómez, PHD, MS, CIH tiene una licenciatura en Bioquímica de Harvard, una  maestría en Salud Ambiental del Hunter College y un doctorado en Salud Pública de Johns Hopkins. Ha sido un experto en salud ocupacional y ambiental durante más de tres décadas, evaluando los peligros químicos y físicos en los entornos de trabajo.
Traducción de Germán Piniella para Progreso Semanal

viernes, 3 de agosto de 2018

A Revolution Within the Revolution: Cuba Opens to Same-Sex Marriages

A new constitution under discussion is a necessary reform that can set an example in L.G.B.T. rights.
The New York Times, Aug. 3, 2018
By Rubén Gallo
Mr. Gallo is a Mexican scholar who has written extensively about Cuban culture and society. He lives in Havana, Paris and Princeton, N.J.
PARIS — "I want to go there before things change" is a phrase I hear often from friends considering a trip to Cuba. But change has been underway for over a decade, from the day Raúl Castro became president after his brother Fidel fell ill in 2006. Since then, private property and self-employment have been legalized; tourism has boomed, benefiting thousands of Cubans who rent out rooms or serve meals in their apartments; and a lively art scene has sprouted in Havana, where artist-run spaces host exhibitions and lectures.
Reforms have been slow and gradual, but they have added up over the years and have transformed the country: The economic despair of the 1990s, when the collapse of the Soviet Union and the loss of its aid plunged the country into the worst recession in its history, has been left behind, and many Cubans, especially those who are self-employed, now enjoy a modest prosperity. Cuba is now a very different country than it was in 2006. To acknowledge these changes, former president Raúl Castro supported the constitutional change. The Cuban legislature approved a draft in July, and it will now be submitted to a national referendum.
A new constitution is much needed; the current version, written under Soviet tutelage, dates from 1976 and sets "building a Communist society" as the nation's main goal. The new version eliminates this phrase, though it continues to define the country as a "socialist state governed by the rule of law."
There are other substantial innovations: It legalizes private property and introduces a juridical framework for foreign investment. While Cubans have been allowed to buy and sell their primary residence since 2011, the new text recognizes "private" and "personal" among other forms of property, including "socialist, belonging to the people," "cooperatives" and "mixed." It also creates the position of prime minister, who will share power with the president. Other clauses, more attuned to 21st-century problems, affirm Cuba's respect for international law, repudiate terrorism, condemn nuclear proliferation and ban the use of the internet to destabilize sovereign nations. An article on environmental protection emphasizes the need to fight global warming.
Out of all of the projected constitutional reforms, one has provoked intense debate: the proposal to legalize same-sex marriage. It was introduced by Mariela Castro, a daughter of Raúl Castro who, as director of the National Center for Sex Education, or Cenesex, has become a staunch defender of the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals — in Cuba, the preferred term is "trans." Her proposal was adopted by her fellow lawmakers in the National Assembly — where she also serves as a representative — but has met with opposition from conservative groups, especially evangelical Christians, who have gained influence since religious freedoms were expanded in the 1990s. In recent weeks, five evangelical churches released a joint statement opposing the proposal, prompting protests by L.G.B.T. activists.
It is widely expected that the draft constitution will be approved in the coming months, making Cuba one of the most progressive nations in the Americas in its protection of L.G.B.T. rights. The country has come a long way since the 1970s, when, as in other socialist countries, gay men were routinely harassed, barred from government jobs and even sent for re-education at labor camps. Many gay Cubans were forced into exile in the 1970s, and one of them, the novelist Reinaldo Arenas, wrote "Before Night Falls," a chilling memoir of the repression he suffered before leaving in the 1980 Mariel boatlift.
The repression of gay men caused international outrage and eventually stopped. By the 1990s, Cuba began to reflect on its treatment of L.G.B.T. citizens. In 2010, Fidel Castro recognized that an injustice had been done to gays in Cuba and admitted his own responsibility in a widely publicized interview. But it was not until Mariela Castro was appointed director of Cenesex that a radical change in Cuban society began to take place: In part thanks to her initiatives, the government funded campaigns to fight homophobia and transphobia, started educational programs aimed at the prevention of H.I.V. and AIDS and, in what is surely a first in the history of homosexuality, opened gay cabarets and discothèques and even a beach. Today, Cuba is the only country in the world where the state owns and operates gay bars, some of them livelier than similar, privately owned locales in New York or London.
These days Cuba is one of the most tolerant societies in the world when it comes to sexual difference. During a recent afternoon visit to Coppelia, a popular ice-cream parlor in Havana, I saw a group of trans friends, dressed to the hilt in tight miniskirts and high heels, casually sharing tables with families, heterosexual couples and schoolchildren. The country's official gay-friendly policy has also made it a popular destinationfor L.G.B.T. travelers. Over the years I have met dozens of older European gay men who have bought property and settled permanently in the capital, many of whom can be seen on weekend nights sitting in the park on 25th Street in Vedado, socializing with Cubans. This newfound tolerance is one of the surprising results of the current transition, in which elements of the socialist past — like the rejection of religion, especially in attitudes toward sexuality — coexist with a new cosmopolitanism.
Critics of the government argue that the increased protection of sexual minorities must be considered in the larger context of freedom of expression, where Cuba lags behind most of Latin American, and peaceful activists are routinely harassed and even imprisoned for voicing their discontent with the system.
Just a few weeks ago, several artists were arrested after protesting, on the steps of the Havana Capitol, against a recent law requiring artists to secure government permission for all performances and against penalties for works that use pornography or violence or that denigrate "the nation's symbols."
It is true that much work remains in terms of civil and cultural rights, but one should not forget how much Cuba has changed since those dark years in the 1970s: Today, artists and writers use the internet and other alternative forums to participate in debates — including weighing the pros and cons of the new constitution and the proposal to legalize same-sex marriage — that would have been unimaginable even a decade ago.
The proposed constitution is a welcome and necessary reform, one that will introduce a legal framework to guarantee the permanence of the many achievements that Cuban society has attained in the past decades.
Cuba could capitalize on the progress it has made over the years. It could export its innovative approaches to L.G.B.T. rights and sex education in the same way that, earlier, it disseminated its revolutionary ideology through the use of culture. With a bit of creativity, Cenesex could do the same with its magazine, devoted to gender and sexuality issues. If in the 20th-century Cuba was a model for leftist governments from Chile to Algeria, in the 21st it could be an example for lawmakers seeking to make their countries more livable for their L.G.B.T. citizens.
The next time I hear a friend say, "I want to go to Cuba before things change," my response will be: "Things have already changed, but that is precisely why you should go: to see the new Cuba. And if you hurry up, you might even get to see the first same-sex marriage on the island."
Rubén Gallo is a professor at Princeton University and the author, most recently, of "Teoría y Práctica de La Habana," a memoir of life in Cuba during the current transition.
Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook and Twitter (@NYTopinion) and sign up for the Opinion Today newsletter.
Mr. Gallo is a Mexican scholar who has written extensively about Cuban culture and society. He lives in Havana, Paris and Princeton, N.J.